Red Etchings

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Red Etchings

Soviet Book Illustrations from the Collection of Monroe Price

Alexander Samokhvalov

Alexander Samokhvalov

Nikolay Ushin

Nikolay Ushin

Nikolay Sheberstov

Nikolay Sheberstov

Red Etchings

On exhibit September 23, 2019 - November 22, 2019
Curated by Sofia Verba

Following the 1917 Revolution, Russian authorities encouraged the development of book design as a means of communicating official Soviet ideology. Many artists—both famous and unknown—were commissioned to create book illustrations. This exhibition focuses on four of them: Zoya Kruzhkova, Alexander Samokhvalov, Nikolay Ushin, and Nikolay Sheberstov, whose works reflect the three stages of the art form’s development: the 1920s, 1950s, and 1980s. The exhibition features book covers, original prints, and draft designs for Soviet-era novels as well as 19th-century reprints.

The gems of the collection are two original lithographs by Alexander Samokhvalov. Most famous for his paintings—considered Russian classics of the 1920s-1930s—he was also an accomplished book illustrator. Other highlights include an etching by Zoya Khruzhkova for the now-forgotten pre-revolutionary Russian novel The Adventure of Blue Banknote, as well as draft designs by Nikolay Ushin and Nikolay Shebertsov with marks and corrections that reveal the book design process. 

Introduction

Illustration for Adventures of the Blue Banknote by Evgeny Grebenka
Zoya Kruzhkova (1947- )
Illustration for Adventures of the Blue Banknote by Evgeny Grebenka
1980
Etching
 
Following the 1917 Revolution, Russian authorities encouraged the development of book design as a means of communicating official Soviet ideology. It was part of the so-called Likbez—a pro-literacy propaganda campaign that began after the Bolsheviks took power. The new Soviet government believed that fighting illiteracy was key to political propaganda. After all, they had total control over publishing and schools—the only obstacle was the peoples’ inability to read. Likbez was also intended to help create a new cultural reality in which a “new Soviet person” could emerge. As a result, the state helped propel a cult of reading that persisted until the collapse of the USSR. Books, papers, and magazines were published in the millions and sold cheaply. It was considered shameful not to read books, and it was impossible to imagine a typical Soviet apartment without a personal library. The profession of writer was considered prestigious, and so was that of book illustrator. The state commissioned many artists—both famous and unknown—to create book designs. This exhibition features book covers, original prints, and draft designs by four of them.
 

Zoya Kruzhkova (b. 1947) is an artist best known for her etchings, lithographs, watercolors, and pastels. The exhibition features an etching for the now-forgotten pre-revolutionary Russian novella The Adventures of the Blue Banknote.

Alexander Samokhvalov

Alexander Samokhvalov (1894-1971) is one of the most famous social realist artists. His paintings are considered Soviet classics and he was an accomplished book illustrator as well. Two of his lithographs are among the gems in the collection.

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin was a 19th-century Russian satirical writer. His writings, which illustrated and ridiculed corruption, bureaucracy, everyday absurdities, and other flaws in the system of Imperial Russia, were especially praised during Soviet times. Saltykov-Shchedrin's farcical history of Glupov (or Stupid Town), one of the major Russian satirical novels of the 19th century, was on the mandatory reading list for secondary schools in the USSR. Illustrations by Alexander Samokhvalov were a great success and won a Grand Prix at the 1937 Paris International Exposition.
 

Alexander Samokhvalov

Alexander Samokhvalov (1894-1971) is one of the most famous social realist artists. His paintings are considered Soviet classics and he was an accomplished book illustrator as well. Two of his lithographs are among the gems in the collection.

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin was a 19th-century Russian satirical writer. His writings, which illustrated and ridiculed corruption, bureaucracy, everyday absurdities, and other flaws in the system of Imperial Russia, were especially praised during Soviet times. Saltykov-Shchedrin's farcical history of Glupov (or Stupid Town), one of the major Russian satirical novels of the 19th century, was on the mandatory reading list for secondary schools in the USSR. Illustrations by Alexander Samokhvalov were a great success and won a Grand Prix at the 1937 Paris International Exposition.
 

Nikolay Ushin

Nikolay Ushin (1898-1942) is famous for both his stage designs and book illustrations. His illustrations for One Thousand and One Nights won the golden medal at the International Exposition of Art and Technology in Paris in 1937. The cover-design draft on exhibit was created for the Leningrad publishing house “Priboy”—the first legal Bolshevik party publishing house, founded in 1912.

Nikolay Ushin

Nikolay Ushin (1898-1942) is famous for both his stage designs and book illustrations. His illustrations for One Thousand and One Nights won the golden medal at the International Exposition of Art and Technology in Paris in 1937. The cover-design draft on exhibit was created for the Leningrad publishing house “Priboy”—the first legal Bolshevik party publishing house, founded in 1912.

Nikolay Sheberstov

Draft of illustration for Far East Stories by Boris Mozhaev
Draft of illustration for Far East Stories by Boris Mozhaev, ca. 1977


Nikolay Sheberstov (1917-?) created both book illustrations and propaganda posters. His most famous book illustrations accompanied the Russian translation of Les Rougon-Macquart by Émile Zola. One of 19th-century France’s foremost novelists, Zola was sympathetic to socialism and thus published extensively in the USSR. Sheberstov also provided illustrations for various Soviet-era novels. His designs constitute the largest part of the collection. Most pieces on view are draft designs for Novellas and Short Stories (1965). They include marks and corrections that reveal the book design process. Novellas was a popular WWII-themed book that contained stories by famous Soviet writers and sold over one hundred thousand copies.

Draft of illustration for Zabaikalye by Vassily Baliabin
Draft of illustration for Zabaikalye by Vassily Baliabin, ca. 1977

 

Nikolay Sheberstov

Draft of illustration for Far East Stories by Boris Mozhaev
Draft of illustration for Far East Stories by Boris Mozhaev, ca. 1977


Nikolay Sheberstov (1917-?) created both book illustrations and propaganda posters. His most famous book illustrations accompanied the Russian translation of Les Rougon-Macquart by Émile Zola. One of 19th-century France’s foremost novelists, Zola was sympathetic to socialism and thus published extensively in the USSR. Sheberstov also provided illustrations for various Soviet-era novels. His designs constitute the largest part of the collection. Most pieces on view are draft designs for Novellas and Short Stories (1965). They include marks and corrections that reveal the book design process. Novellas was a popular WWII-themed book that contained stories by famous Soviet writers and sold over one hundred thousand copies.

Draft of illustration for Zabaikalye by Vassily Baliabin
Draft of illustration for Zabaikalye by Vassily Baliabin, ca. 1977

 

Nikolay Sheberstov

Draft of illustration for Far East Stories by Boris Mozhaev
Draft of illustration for Far East Stories by Boris Mozhaev, ca. 1977


Nikolay Sheberstov (1917-?) created both book illustrations and propaganda posters. His most famous book illustrations accompanied the Russian translation of Les Rougon-Macquart by Émile Zola. One of 19th-century France’s foremost novelists, Zola was sympathetic to socialism and thus published extensively in the USSR. Sheberstov also provided illustrations for various Soviet-era novels. His designs constitute the largest part of the collection. Most pieces on view are draft designs for Novellas and Short Stories (1965). They include marks and corrections that reveal the book design process. Novellas was a popular WWII-themed book that contained stories by famous Soviet writers and sold over one hundred thousand copies.

Draft of illustration for Zabaikalye by Vassily Baliabin
Draft of illustration for Zabaikalye by Vassily Baliabin, ca. 1977

 

Nikolay Sheberstov

Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2, was devoted to the Second World War. It contained pieces by famous Soviet writers and was published in Moscow by the State Publishing House for Literary Works in 1965.

 

Novellas 1 Novellas 2 Novellas 3
Novellas 4 Novellas 5 Novellas 6
Nikolay Sheberstov

Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2, was devoted to the Second World War. It contained pieces by famous Soviet writers and was published in Moscow by the State Publishing House for Literary Works in 1965.

 

Novellas 1 Novellas 2 Novellas 3
Novellas 4 Novellas 5 Novellas 6
Nikolay Sheberstov

Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2, was devoted to the Second World War. It contained pieces by famous Soviet writers and was published in Moscow by the State Publishing House for Literary Works in 1965.

 

Novellas 1 Novellas 2 Novellas 3
Novellas 4 Novellas 5 Novellas 6
Nikolay Sheberstov

Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2, was devoted to the Second World War. It contained pieces by famous Soviet writers and was published in Moscow by the State Publishing House for Literary Works in 1965.

 

Novellas 1 Novellas 2 Novellas 3
Novellas 4 Novellas 5 Novellas 6
Nikolay Sheberstov

Socialist Realism was the only official style of art in the country from 1932 to the late 1980s. In an effort to avoid creating ideological pieces and giving glorified depictions of communist values, many talented writers pursued careers in the field of children’s literature. Sergey Baruzdin (1926 - 1991) was one of the most famous Soviet children’s authors. Along with being adored by generations of Soviet children, Baruzdin also pursued a very successful public career: he was not only secretary of the board of the USSR’s Union of Writers, but was also the chief of the important journal Druzhba Narodov (Friendship of Nations).

Draft of illustration for Neighbours by Aleksey Malenky
Draft of illustration for Neighbours by Aleksey Malenky, ca. 1963
Down the Steep Way
Draft of illustration for Down the Steep Way by Stepan Zlobin, featured in Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2.

 

Nikolay Sheberstov

Socialist Realism was the only official style of art in the country from 1932 to the late 1980s. In an effort to avoid creating ideological pieces and giving glorified depictions of communist values, many talented writers pursued careers in the field of children’s literature. Sergey Baruzdin (1926 - 1991) was one of the most famous Soviet children’s authors. Along with being adored by generations of Soviet children, Baruzdin also pursued a very successful public career: he was not only secretary of the board of the USSR’s Union of Writers, but was also the chief of the important journal Druzhba Narodov (Friendship of Nations).

Draft of illustration for Neighbours by Aleksey Malenky
Draft of illustration for Neighbours by Aleksey Malenky, ca. 1963
Down the Steep Way
Draft of illustration for Down the Steep Way by Stepan Zlobin, featured in Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2.

 

Nikolay Sheberstov

Socialist Realism was the only official style of art in the country from 1932 to the late 1980s. In an effort to avoid creating ideological pieces and giving glorified depictions of communist values, many talented writers pursued careers in the field of children’s literature. Sergey Baruzdin (1926 - 1991) was one of the most famous Soviet children’s authors. Along with being adored by generations of Soviet children, Baruzdin also pursued a very successful public career: he was not only secretary of the board of the USSR’s Union of Writers, but was also the chief of the important journal Druzhba Narodov (Friendship of Nations).

Draft of illustration for Neighbours by Aleksey Malenky
Draft of illustration for Neighbours by Aleksey Malenky, ca. 1963
Down the Steep Way
Draft of illustration for Down the Steep Way by Stepan Zlobin, featured in Novellas and Short Stories, volume 2.

 

Nikolay Sheberstov

One of the major figures of 19th-century Russian literature, Ivan Turgenev was especially admired by Lenin and hence praised by Soviet leaders. His writings realistically portrayed the peasantry and the rising intelligentsia in its attempt to move the country into a new age and went along perfectly with the Soviet idea of class struggle. Outside of Soviet ideology, Turgenev is considered to be a major influence on European and Russian 19th-century novelists, particularly Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky.

Selected bibliography

Contributors